Pallidal stimulation that improves parkinsonian motor symptoms also modulates neuronal firing patterns in primary motor cortex in the MPTP-treated monkey. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation modulates thalamic neuronal activity. Cellular effects of deep brain stimulation: model-based analysis of activation and inhibition. Cortical potentials evoked by subthalamic stimulation demonstrate a short latency hyperdirect pathway in humans. Resonant antidromic cortical circuit activation as a consequence of high-frequency subthalamic deep-brain stimulation. Blood flow responses to deep brain stimulation of thalamus. Cortical and subcortical blood flow effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in PD. External pallidal stimulation improves parkinsonian motor signs and modulates neuronal activity throughout the basal ganglia thalamic network. Effects of GPi stimulation on human thalamic neuronal activity. Effects of high-frequency stimulation in the internal globus pallidus on the activity of thalamic neurons in the awake monkey. Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus changes the firing pattern of pallidal neurons. Subthalamic high frequency stimulation resets subthalamic firing and reduces abnormal oscillations. Effects of high-frequency stimulation on subthalamic neuronal activity in parkinsonian patients. Microstimulation-induced inhibition of neuronal firing in human globus pallidus. Effect of high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on the neuronal activities of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus in the rat. Hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation: a ten year experience. Patient selection and assessment recommendations for deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in a parkinsonian patient with preoperative deficits in speech and cognition: persistent improvement in mobility but increased dependency: a case study. Complications of deep brain stimulation surgery. Estimating the proportion of essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease patients undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery: five-year data from Columbia University Medical Center (2009–2014). Long-term effects of pallidal or subthalamic deep brain stimulation on quality of life in Parkinson’s disease. Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Outcome after stereotactic thalamotomy for parkinsonian, essential, and other types of tremor. Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus. The Canadian multicentre study of deep brain stimulation for cervical dystonia. Bilateral pallidal neurostimulation-long-term motor and cognitive effects in primary generalized dystonia. Bilateral deep-brain stimulation of the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia. Pallidal deep-brain stimulation in primary generalized or segmental dystonia. Long-term suppression of tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus. Long-term safety and efficacy of unilateral deep brain stimulation of the thalamus in essential tremor. Bilateral deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a multicentre study with 4 years follow-up. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. A randomized trial of deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Deep-brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus or the pars interna of the globus pallidus in Parkinson’s disease. Underpinning these developments are new insights into brain structure–function relationships and aberrant circuit dynamics, including new methods with which to assess and refine the clinical effects of stimulation. Spatial specificity is promoted by the use of segmented electrodes and field steering, and temporal specificity involves the delivery of patterned stimulation, mostly controlled through disease-related feedback. These improvements focus on interaction with disease circuits through complementary, spatially and temporally specific approaches. Recent failed clinical trials of DBS in major depression, and modest treatment outcomes in dementia and epilepsy, are spurring further development. Nevertheless, adoption of DBS remains limited, even in Parkinson’s disease. The long-term efficacy of stimulation in treating disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor, has encouraged its application to a wide range of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for common movement disorders and has been used to modulate neural activity through delivery of electrical stimulation to key brain structures.
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